The Economics of Speculative Construction Development Term Paper

The Economics of Speculative Construction Development - Term Paper Example The lodging part in 2010 had recorded deals of 276,000 houses in the urban and semi-urban regions. This figure in most recent couple of years has expanded to around 454,000 (Athey, 2009). In spite of the fact that the lodging division has been acquiring consistent incomes, the necessary pace of development has not been good. Ordinary citizens are thinking that its hazardous to put resources into property by procuring advances because of the reliable ascent of interests. Post money related emergency, the majority of the monetary organizations have set up rigid arrangements in regard of giving lodging credits. The lodging area of the U.K. anyway assumes a significant job in the improvement of the economy all in all. Despite the fact that the area has been bringing about moderate developments, the income acquired from the lodging and improvement division supposedly is tirelessly high. The requests for houses have stayed high as the economy is very prosperous. Individual in the U.K have an elevated level of discretionary cashflow, because of which they think that its achievable to put resources into property (Berry and McGreal, 2003). Exploration and studies in this part have shown that the interest for houses is relied upon to rise consistently. Development organizations are, subsequently, thinking of it as gainful to create locales and put resources into properties of the U.K (Harrison and Leitch, 2010). So as to help the lodging and improvement division, outside financial specialists are conceiving various kinds of plans. Since populace is reliably rising, it is basic for property designers to develop more homes. An ongoing review had evaluated that it is basic to work at any rate 150,000 new homes every year in order to be capable meet lodging prerequisites of the developing populace (Haveman and Sexton, 2008). In the ongoing years, numerous land engineers from the U.S. have expanded their interests in the U.K. The positive market patterns and consistent development in land have been fruitful in pulling in outside speculators (Berry

Housing and environmental issues Essay

Network advancement official: CDOs ought to have: †¢ the capacity to speak with a wide scope of individuals †¢ the capacity to deal with a financial plan †¢ affectability in managing multi-social issues, for example, religion †¢ organizing aptitudes and a decent memory for names and faces †¢ the capacity to chip away at their own drive †¢ Commitment to social incorporation issues. CDOs may work for a nearby power; he should likewise include open choice in multi social networks housed by the affiliations. Open association in recovery is generally held to be something to be thankful for. There are not many who expound on or remark on recovery, anyway it is characterized who don't guarantee that open contribution is a significant if not basic segment of compelling and effective recovery. What's more, all things considered, this has been the situation in the UK and somewhere else for well longer than a century. In any case, there are not many investigations that have embarked to quantify and to dissect the effect of open association. At the end of the day, not many scientists have endeavored to perceive what improvement it makes practically speaking to include people in general and whether any such contrasts are sure, in the feeling of being both envisioned and wanted. There are, all things considered, numerous investigations that shed some light on the procedures of open inclusion and make inferences about its effect in explicit cases. The finish of a considerable lot of these investigations is that open association didn't work very well by and by: it was set out upon past the point of no return; inadequate assets were given to make it viable; the neighborhood condition was not helpful; and key choices kept on being taken by individuals not living in the territories influenced. The significance of including the general population in endeavors to improve and recover neighborhoods has been perceived for a long time. Nonetheless, the agreement around the worth and potential advantages of more noteworthy open contribution has presumably never been more grounded, not least since government has put it at the focal point of its arrangements to modernize both the conveyance of open administrations and the very procedures of government. A straightforward hypothesis of open cooperation The political objectives driving forward the motivation of open support are entrenched, however three stand apart at present. First is the conviction that support is naturally acceptable and advantageous, and consequently more investment is attractive. Second is the developing affirmation that many significant approach issues don't have all the earmarks of being equipped for evident goals †they can be named ‘wicked problems’ thus (Rittel and Weber, 1973). An undeniable result of this acknowledgment is to adopt a progressively open strategy to their goals, at the end of the day to permit a more extensive scope of accomplices into the field of arrangement discussion and thus to share the weight of goals. At long last, there is a reasonable conviction that more prominent support is expected to stem if not opposite the obvious decrease in social capital diagrammed by Putnam (2001) and his adherents (see DeFilipis, 2001). A marginally more extensive arrangement of elements can be gotten from the more extensive scholastic writing where in any event four particular clarifications of or avocation for more prominent open interest in government for the most part are clear. Instrumentalist originations point to the way that people are the best appointed authorities of their own advantages and thus by partaking in arrangement discusses and political conversations they are best ready to understandable and propel these interests. The activity of government at that point lies in the total of individual interests and the adjusting of clashing situations into a conceivable open intrigue. Communitarian originations adopt an alternate strategy and supporter an increasingly group or social methodology among the partaking open, with the end goal that an arranged perspective on the open intrigue is given to as opposed to by government. Obviously government may then need to perform further adjusts of total or even encourage further adjusts of arrangement or agreement building, however the open has a progressively noticeable influence in the social development of their own concept of open intrigue. In this origination there is some level of total however government is still left to total, settle or accommodate the conceivably clashing perspectives on various networks or even alliances of networks. Educative methodologies propose that open interest helps in building up a progressively modern comprehension of the complexities of strategy issues; of the moral problems and the need to make exchange offs for instance among cost and quality or between the accomplishment of short and long haul needs. At long last, expressive originations of support underline the open door that political interest offers people to communicate their political personality. Through dynamic crusading, showing banners, going to revitalizes, giving cash or time, one can exhibit to the world everywhere that reality that one is a women's activist, a communist, a preservationist, a patriot, etc. It is obviously significant likewise to hold up under as a main priority that political interest can include substantially more than casting a ballot in intermittent decisions, or in any event, crusading in them. Going to gatherings about issues of nearby or worldwide concern and partaking in participatory occasions, for example, juries, accord meetings or residents juries are additionally significant as is investment in progressing efforts or entryways, again from neighborhood (spare our school) to worldwide (spare our planet) issues. There is something of a conundrum here, in that there is abundant information accessible on formal political inclusion in casting a ballot, yet generally minimal accessible on the more trite yet by the by huge regular demonstrations of contribution, for example, going to gatherings or just captivating socially and possibly politically with ones neighbors (Hoggett and Bishop, 1986). As of late some customary and broad overviews have started to give important information of this sort, however it is as yet the case that many complex models of network commitment, metro reestablishment and social capital, have been built on wobbly experimental establishments (Prime, Zimmeck and Zurawa, 2002). In any case, to build up a straightforward model of interest we have to consider in some more detail inquiries along every one of the three fundamental measurements suggested in the articulation: open cooperation in arranging or strategy making. Robert D. Putnam That Western culture has changed drastically since the center of the twentieth century. There is less understanding about what caused the changes, and whether they have been advantageous. One gauge of progress in Western culture is the degree of ‘social capital’ (an idea advanced by Robert D. Putnam), which results from significant levels of speculation by residents in their locale. Putnam’s examination of American culture, Bowling Alone (2000), thinks about the full scope of changes influencing America (and every single western culture): declining investment in institutional Christianity; less contribution in sport and recreational clubs, legislative issues, worthy missions, and charitable effort; and an extreme re-forming of the family however separate, a lower birth rate, and a hesitance to wed by any means. These patterns, Putnam contends, bring about lessened social capital. Putnam’s examination of America holds for the three Anglophone individuals from George W. Bush’s ‘coalition of the willing,’ America, Britain and Australia, and may clarify why hawkish, conservative governments are the people’s decision toward the beginning of the 21st century, regardless of a remarkable benevolence and comprehensiveness during the time half of the twentieth century. Putnam takes note of a scope of elements answerable for metro withdrawal: rural spread; the prevalence of TV and electronic media; changed work designs, including the enormous scope section of ladies into the workforce; and generational changes bringing about the ‘replacement of a curiously city age by a few ages [Baby Boomers, Generations X and Y] †¦ that are less installed in network life’ (p. 275). In the United States, where casting a ballot is discretionary, these advancements weaken majority rules system, and social orders with low interest rates will in general become skeptical. Untrusting residents call for harder; ‘law and order’ centered governments, bringing about the appointment of progressively conservative ideological groups. Social capital: 1. Definition The idea and hypothesis of social capital goes back to the starting points of sociology; notwithstanding, ongoing grant has concentrated on social capital as a subject of social association and a potential wellspring of significant worth that can be outfit and changed over for vital and profitable purposes. As per Robert David Putnam, the focal reason of social capital is that informal communities have esteem. Social capital alludes to the aggregate estimation of all â€Å"social networks† and the tendencies that emerge from these systems to get things done for one another. Social capital alludes to the organizations, connections, and standards that shape the quality and amount of a society’s social cooperations. Expanding proof shows that social union is basic for social orders to thrive financially and for improvement to be manageable. Social capital isn't only the total of the organizations that support a general public; the paste holds them together In any case, social capital may not generally be helpful. Flat systems of individual residents and gatherings that improve network efficiency and union are supposed to be certain social capital resources while self-serving selective posses and various leveled support frameworks that work experiencing some miscommunication to communitarian interests can be thought of as negative social capital weights on society. 2. History of the examination on the idea Robert David Putnam, if not the first to compose on the issue, is considered as the significant creator on the idea of soci

Essay Topics For High School Students

Essay Topics For High School StudentsIf you are a student trying to write an English essay, it is important that you include your writing skills in your project. You may be wondering what to write about, where to start, and what kinds of essay topics to use. Here are a few ideas.Most people tend to gravitate toward their school subjects. Whether it is a subject like foreign language, or history, or even math, students always have some questions about why they should study the subject. By using essay topics for high school students, you will give them the opportunity to get all of their questions answered.These essay topics can range from any topic from school subjects to sports. By showing the students that they can apply what they have learned in school, they will develop their own ideas about what they are studying. One of the things you can do is find out about things they want to talk about and focus on that subject. Although there may be others in their class, you can get them i nvolved by discussing what they have learned.They are going to spend hours on a particular subject, so why not use topics that are common to them? This way, they have already done the homework for you. To see if you have used the right essay topics for high school students, look through your notes. Look for any topics that you didn't touch on.Not everyone can write the same way, and that is why it is important to consider their interests, as well as their different reasons for writing. One way you can check this is through asking them what subjects they enjoy writing about. Even if they don't have a specific topic for an essay, ask them what kinds of essay topics they would like to tackle.Another tip is to have two essays to choose from. You can tell the students that you will divide them into groups, and that they will each have five minutes to choose one topic. You can then follow this up with a written question for each group. This way, you will get honest answers to your questio ns, and they will have plenty of time to think about the topic.There are so many ways to use essay topics for high school students, it is impossible to list them all. If you want to get a good idea, browse through some of your school's websites and see what they have on hand. Not only are there plenty of topics for them to choose from, but you may be surprised at the possibilities.Everyone enjoys the great things in life, and these are no exception. High school is a time when students learn about different cultures, how to work well with others, and most importantly, how to understand other people. When you write about your life experiences, you are making others feel as though they are important. Be sure to always use the topics for high school students in your writing.

Animal Studies and School Project Ideas

Animal research is important for understanding various biological processes in animals, humans included. Scientists study animals in order to learn ways for improving their agricultural health, our methods of wildlife preservation, and even the potential for human companionship. These studies also take advantage of certain animal and human similarities to discover new methods for improving human health. Learning From Animals Researching animals to improve human health is possible because animal behavior experiments study disease development and transmission as well as animal viruses. Both of these fields of study help researchers to understand how disease interacts between and within animals. We can also learn about humans by observing normal and abnormal behavior in non-human animals, or behavioral studies. The following animal project ideas help to introduce animal behavioral study in many different species. Be sure to get permission from your instructor before beginning any animal science projects or behavioral experiments, as some science fairs prohibit these. Select a single species of animal to study from each subset, if not specified, for best results. Amphibian and Fish Project Ideas Does temperature affect tadpole growth?Do water pH levels affect tadpole growth?Does water temperature affect amphibian respiration?Does magnetism affect limb regeneration in newts?Does water temperature affect fish color?Does the size of a population of fish affect individual growth?Does music affect fish activity?Does the amount of light affect fish activity? Bird Project Ideas What species of plants attract hummingbirds?How does temperature affect bird migration patterns?What factors increase egg production?Do different bird species prefer different colors of birdseed?Do birds prefer to eat in a group or alone?Do birds prefer one type of habitat over another?How does deforestation affect bird nesting?How do birds interact with manmade structures?Can birds be taught to sing a certain tune? Insect Project Ideas How does temperature affect the growth of butterflies?How does light affect ants?Do different colors attract or repel insects?How does air pollution affect insects?How do insects adapt to pesticides?Do magnetic fields affect insects?Does soil acidity affect insects?Do insects prefer the food of a certain color?Do insects behave differently in populations of different sizes?What factors cause crickets to chirp more often?What substances do mosquitoes find attractive or repellent? Mammal Project Ideas Does light variation affect mammal sleep habits?Do cats or dogs have better night vision?Does music affect an animals mood?Do bird sounds affect cat behavior?Which mammal sense has the greatest effect on short-term memory?Does dog saliva have antimicrobial properties?Does colored water affect mammal drinking habits?What factors influence how many hours a cat sleeps in a day? Science Experiments and Models Performing science experiments and constructing models are fun and exciting ways to learn about science and supplement studies. Try making a model of the lungs or a DNA model using candy for these animal experiments.

Definition and Examples of Subjunctive Mood in English

In English grammar, the subjunctive is the mood of a verb expressing wishes, stipulating demands, or making statements contrary to fact.  Etymologically, the word subjunctive is from the  Latin, subjoin, bind, subordinate.  Pronunciation:  sub-JUNG-tif  mood The present subjunctive is the bare form of a verb (that is, a verb with no ending). It does not show agreement with its subject. (Example: I strongly recommend that he retire.) Two patterns of the present subjunctive are generally recognized: Formulaic SubjunctiveMandative Subjunctive The only distinctive form of the past subjunctive is the word were. It is used with singular subjects in conditional sentences and with the subordinating conjunctions as if and as though. (Example: I love him as if he were my son.) Guidelines for Using the Subjunctive The subjunctive may be used in the following circumstances in formal writing. Contrary-to-fact clauses beginning with if:If I were two-faced, would I be wearing this one?(Abraham Lincoln)Contrary-to-fact clauses expressing a wish:At that moment, I had the most desperate wish that she were dead.(Harrison Ford as Rusty Sabich in Presumed Innocent, 1990)That clauses after verbs such as ask, demand, insist, propose, request, and suggest:I demand that he leave at once.Statements of necessity:Its necessary that she be in the room with you.Certain fixed expressions:as it were, be that as it may be, far be it from me, heaven forbid, if need be, so be it, suffice it to say Additional Examples and Observations I wouldnt bring up Paris if I were you. Its poor salesmanship.(Humphrey Bogart as Rick in Casablanca, 1942)Even the dog, an animal used to bizarre surroundings, developed a strange, off-register look, as if he were badly printed in overlapping colors.(S.J. Perelman, quoted by Roy Blount, Jr., in Alphabet Juice, 2008)Well sir, all I can say is if I were a bell, Id be ringing!(Frank Loesser, If I Were a Bell. Guys and Dolls, 1950)If music be the food of love, play on.(William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night)The public be damned.(William Henry Vanderbilt, Oct. 8, 1882)If I see one more shirttail flapping while Im captain of this ship, woe betide the sailor; woe betide the OOD; and woe betide the morale officer. I kid you not.(Humphrey Bogart as Lt. Commander Philip Francis Queeg in The Caine Mutiny, 1954)If there were a death penalty for corporations, Enron may have earned it.In the night he awoke and held her tight as though she were all of life and it was being taken away from him.(Robert Jordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway, 1940) The Were-Subjunctive (Irrealis Were) Teachers call this by a formidable word, subjunctive, meaning lacking in reality. What it refers to is actually the Fairy Tale Syndrome. If I were a rich man, could be such a mood. It refers to something that is not possible. If the possibility exists, the sentence would read: If I was a rich man. (Val Dumond, Grammar for Grownups. HarperCollins, 1993)Unlike the mandative subjunctive, the were-subjunctive in counterfactual if-clauses is a recessive feature of standard written English. It is not being replaced by a modal but, instead, by indicative was. Would be instead of were in counterfactual if-clauses is still largely confined to informal, spoken English. It is meeting with strong prescriptive reaction, especially in the US. One side-effect of this, so to speak, is hypercorrect use of were in non-counterfactuals. (Geoffrey Leech, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith, Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge University Press, 2012) Advice As with the misuse of whom instead of who, . . . using the subjunctive wrongly is worse than not using it all, and will make you look pompous and silly. (David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, Guardian Style, 3rd ed. Guardian Books, 2010)The subjunctive mood is in its death throes, and the best thing to do is put it out of its misery as soon as possible. (Somerset Maugham, A Writers Notebook, 1949) The Lighter Side of Subjunctives Detective Sergeant Lewis: All that stonework, must take months to do the pointing.Chief Inspector Morse: Youre not a bloody mason, are you?Detective Sergeant Lewis: No such luck. I might have been a Chief Inspector by now if I was.Chief Inspector Morse: Were, Lewis, if you were. Youll never get on if you cant master your subjunctives. Keep touching your forelock, we may be back in Oxford before lunch.Detective Sergeant Lewis: Shouldnt that be might?(Kevin Whately and John Thaw in Ghost in the Machine. Inspector Morse, 1987)Dancer: [reading a book titled English Grammar and Usage] Julie, you take this whole business about the subjunctive. I dont know.Julian: All right, Dancer, all right. Whats so difficult about the subjunctive?Dancer: Well, you take this, for instance: If I was you. You know? Thats all wrong. It says here, If I were you. How far can you go with this speech stuff?Julian: It sets you up, Dancer. It sets you up. Remember that. How many characters do you know hang around street corners can say, If I were you? How many, huh?Dancer: If I were you. If I were you.(Eli Wallach and Robert Keith in The Lineup, 1958)

The Legal Recognition Of Same Sex Marriage - 925 Words

In this paper I will discuss marriage and its legal, social, and symbolic benefits. I will discuss the major arguments for the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and will mention the newest policy of same-sex marriage in the State of Oklahoma. I will give a historical analysis of marriage and family policy in the United States and summarize the information I found on freedomtomarry.org. I will conclude with my analysis of legal marriage for committed same-sex couples. There are over 1,000 federal benefits for married persons in the United States. Some of which are: â€Å"visitation rights and can make medical decisions, unless otherwise specified in a living will, benefits for federal employees -- many of which are also offered by private employers -- such as sick leave, bereavement leave, days off for the birth of a child, pension and retirement benefits, family health insurance plans, some property and inheritance rights, even in the absence of a will, the ability to create life insurance trusts, tax benefits, such as being able to give tax free gifts to a spouse and to file joint tax returns (Silverman, 1998-2014).† These benefits are made for those who conform to a standard ideal of marriage in the United States. They also hurt those who do not. Maybe this was society’s way of keeping those in the minority group suppressed. 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Finance Earnings and Desire of Shareholders

Question: Discuss about theFinancefor Earnings and Desire of Shareholders. Answer: Stating the Factors that Might Influence Payment of Dividend: The main factors that might influence payment of dividend are magnitude of earnings, desire of shareholders, nature of industry, liquidity position, future requirements business risk and agency cost. These factors mainly affect the dividend payment policy of the company, which might help in generating demand among potential investors. Liu, Uchida Yang (2014) mentioned that companies with the consistent dividend payout are able to inflate their share price and generate high capital from IPO sale. On the contrary, Hernndez Junca (2015) argued that after the dividend payment, short-term traders mainly exit their position, which nominally reduces share price of the company. In addition, increasing profitability and general reserves mainly increase the expectations of the investor for higher dividends, which in turn inflates its share price. Moreover, investors for making an adequate investment decision mainly use the dividend payout ratio or yield. Commenting on Joe Smolinski's Suggestion for Not Paying the Dividend: Joe Smolinkskis main comment was that if it aint broke we should not fix it. This phrase mainly referred to the deteriorating divined policy of the company. The company should only take action if its dividend policy backlashes and hinders its growth prospects. Due to non-payment of dividends, the company share price has mainly fallen from $25 to $2 and is currently trading at $8. The past dividends are mainly used in the Gordon growth model by high-end investors, which depict the actual share price value of the company. The investors are not able to detect the actual value of companies share price that does not pay any dividend by using the dividend discount model. Li, He Tang (2014) argued that non-dividend payment companies have less debt accumulation as the dividend amount is reinvested in the company for improving its growth and generate higher return. Providing Relevant Explanation and Critically Evaluating the Jim Baker's Argument: From the case study, it could be evaluated that the company has been operating with shareholders money for 4 year and have not paid any dividend, which has drastically reduced its share price from $25 to $2. This drastic decline in share price value is due to the non-payment of dividends, which have decreased the interest of investors in the company. LUO WU (2016) mentioned that long-term investors mainly choose companies that provide consistent dividends, which might help in depicting financial stability and generate return from its investment. On the contrary, Coetzee de (2014) argued that short-term investors mainly evaluate the price movement and does not relate to the dividend policy of the company. The share price will suffer if the company does not pay the dividends this year as its shown promising returns and has been declining the demands of the investors. The non-payment of dividends could reduce the interest of the current investor and generate a massive sale of shares, which might negatively affect the current share price of the company. Pension funds, insurance companies and mutual funds investor hold 43% of the total shares of the company, which mainly relies on dividends. Thus, non-payment of dividends might instigate a major sell signal for the institutional investors and share price of the company might suffer in near future (De Mpinda 2013). Commenting on the Dividend Payment Debate Stated in New Wave Corporation: The company has been generating goods profits after the IPO issues but the directors of the company instead of providing dividends retained the profit for reinvestment in the business. However, the reinvestment decision of the directors was mainly fruitful during the troubles time that was faced by the company. This reinvestment policy mainly reduced the debt accumulation, which might have conducted during the economic downturn. Currently the share price of the company has declined from its previous high of $25, due to the unexpected downturn in the economy. However, the share price of the company increased from $2 to $8 but was not able to touch its previous high due to its no dividend policy. Viviers, Firer Muller (2013) mentioned that adaptation of no dividend policy mainly reduces its fiction in attracting long-term potential investors, which might provide the required capital to the company for achieving the targeted goals. On the contrary, Kao Chen (2013) argued that currentl y companies mainly use the debt accumulation strategy, which allows them to get extra exemption from tax and improve their profit retention capacity. Particular Amount Retained earnings 1,000,000 Cash 250,000 Total cash available 1,250,000 Investment needed 1,000,000 Cash balance 250,000 Cash retention 150,000 Dividend paid 100,000 Dividend per share 0.1 Table 1: Stating the dividend per share (Source: As mentioned in the case study) Bob McKay mainly commented on using the residual dividend policy method, which might help in supporting the companys capital structure requirements and improve its dividend yield. The table 1 could effectively depict the residual dividend policy, which might be used for improving the dividend yield of the company. Balachandran, Krishnamurti, Theobald Vidanapathirana (2012) argued that residual dividend policy portrays unstable dividend payment structure, which increase the risk of investment for investors. In this context, Giugale Nguyen (2014) further stated that investors mainly ignore companies with unstable dividend policy, which negatively affects its share price valuation. Particular Amount Retained earnings 1,000,000 Cash 250,000 Total cash available 1,250,000 Investment needed 1,000,000 Cash balance 250,000 Cash retention 150,000 Amount used for share buy back 100,000 Current share price 8 Number of share buy back 12,500 Table 2: Stating the number of shares bought back (Source: As mentioned in the case study) However, Edwin mainly stated that stock repurchase could be conducted after fulfilling the investment needs of the company. Companies to improve their overall EPS and project a healthy investment opportunity to the investors mainly use stock repurchase method (Liu, Uchida Yang 2014). The method could only help the company to repurchase 12500 shares in the current price, which might not help in creating the required demand for its stocks. On the contrary, Hernndez Junca (2015) criticises that stock repurchase does not help if the company invests in own stocks and cannot generate income from other source. After the evaluation of New Wave Corporation income and balance sheet statement, it could be found that the company has made adequate income this fiscal year. However, the investment of 1,000,000 is mainly needed and the retained income is 1,000,000. The company has not paid any kind of dividend to its shareholders after generating higher income from shareholders money. Thus, declaration of dividends could be helpful in generating interest of investors and boosts companies overall share price. Coetzee de (2014) mentioned that continuity in dividend declaration mainly allows companies to attract high-end investors, which might help in improving both share price and investment capital. The main reason behind the payment of dividends is the high-retained income and cash availability achieved by the company. Generally, there are five different type of dividend payment policy, which is adopted by the company. These dividend payment policies are effectively depicted as follows. Regular Stock Dividends: This type of dividend policy is mainly used by companies who needs the dividend amount to boosts its capital structure. The companies mainly provide stock dividends, which might reduce EPS of the company and hamper investors perception (Giugale Nguyen 2014). The stock dividends policy hampers the share value and investment capital, which might be generated from capital market. Regular Extra Dividends: The extra divined are only provided by companies that follow a stable dividend policy. The companies mainly pay extra dividends when there is an excess income attained during the fiscal year. These types of dividends are mainly used to companies to instigate demand among potential investors and increase their share price (Balachandran, Krishnamurti, Theobald Vidanapathirana 2012). No Immediate Dividends: This type dividend policy mainly adopted by the companies that are new and have huge capital needs. The dividend amount is mainly reinvested in the business for improving its capital structure. However, the company needs to pay bonuses in form of stocks, which might increase the dividend amount (Kao Chen 2013). Stable Dividends: The stable dividend policy is mainly adopted by the firms, which provide fixed income to its shareholders regardless of the fluctuation in its income. The primary focus of the company is to maintain the dividend rate, which might help in accumulating high end investors (Viviers, Firer Muller 2013). Irregular or Residual Dividend: Companies to support its capital structure needs mainly use irregular or residual dividend policy. This policy mainly uses the retained income for supporting its investment needs and the balance amount is paid to the shareholders. Li, He Tang (2014) mentioned that irregular dividend policy allows companies to reduce the investment expenditure, which might incur during the expansion process. New Wave Corporation could effectively use the residual or irregular dividend policy, which was depicted by Bob McKay. This policy could effectively help the company by supporting the capital expenditure needs during the expansion or capital restructuring process. Furthermore, high cash dividend could also be paid during the non-investment years, which could help investors maintain high level of interest in the company. Reference: Balachandran, B., Krishnamurti, C., Theobald, M., Vidanapathirana, B. (2012). Dividend reductions, the timing of dividend payments and information content.Journal of Corporate Finance,18(5), 1232-1247. Coetzee, M. S., de Wet, J. (2014). Dividend Tax, Dividend Payments and Share Values: A South African Perspective.Corporate Ownership Control,11(3), 242252. De Wet, J., Mpinda, M. (2013). The impact of dividend payments on shareholders' wealth: evidence from the Vector Error Correction Model.De Wet, JH vH. Mpinda, M, 1451-1465. Giugale, M., Nguyen, N. T. V. (2014). Money to the People: Estimates of the Potential Scale of Direct Dividend Payments in Africa.Center for Global Development, Policy Paper,43. Hernndez, C., Junca, M. (2015). Optimal dividend payments under a time of ruin constraint: Exponential claims.Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,65, 136-142. Kao, L., Chen, A. (2013). How product market competition affects dividend payments in a weak investor protection economy: Evidence from Taiwan.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,25, 21-39. Li, W. X., He, T. T., Tang, G. Y. (2014). Ultimate control, expropriation and dividend payments: a reputation management perspective.Journal of General Management,40(2). Liu, C., Uchida, K., Yang, Y. (2014). Controlling shareholder, split-share structure reform and cash dividend payments in China.International Review of Economics Finance,29, 339-357. LUO, Q., WU, Z. (2016). Agency Problem between Controlling and Minority Shareholders and Corporate Cash Dividend.Journal of Management,3, 010. Viviers, S., Firer, C., Muller, C. (2013). A review of the dividend payments of South African listed companies during the period 1977-2011.Management Dynamics,22(4), 2.

Effect Of Sleep On Memory Essays - Sleep, Memory,

Effect Of Sleep On Memory Effect of Sleep on Memory This article is from The Journal of Experimental Psychology, and was written on an experiment performed by psychologist Bruce R. Ekstrand, from the University of Colorado. He experimented on the effects that sleep has on ones memory, after learning a particular bit of knowledge, in this case a certain list of twelve three-letter words. There were several different ways Ekstrand went about discovering whether sleep would facilitate memory or not. Out of the entire group of people who he experimented on, some of them were given nothing but a simple list to memorize, some were given a pro-active interfering list, and some were given a retroactive interfering list. For his core measurement method, he used a 3x2 factorial chart. In this factorial were the three types of interference learning he used- retroactive, pro-active, and no interference. The factorials two-part were the levels of sleep that those who were experimented on got either eight hours of sleep, or none. The participants would have to learn these certain lists and associations with the lists, and perhaps pro-active or retroactive learning if they were assigned to that particular group. Half of the participants, chosen at random, would then sleep in the laboratory for approximately eight hours before being awakened in the morning, being urged to fall asleep as soon as they could, and with the average time it takes on to fall asleep being taken into account. Those who had to stay awake would leave for eight hours and return. Both groups would assure that no rehearsing had been done, and they would then have to recall the lists and associations. In most of the rehearsals for testing, sleep proved to facilitate recall better than staying awake did. However, the facilitation was not incredibly significant. In some of the pro-active and retroactive cases, sleep did not actually facilitate memory at allboth sleeping and awake people tested equally. I chose this particular article because I wanted to use its results to my benefit. I am always looking for ways to better prepare myself for tests, and better strategies for studying, both to learn more at one time, and to cut down on my entire studying time. Furthermore, I absolutely love to sleep, so I was hoping I could use this article as an excuse to sleep more, or as my rationale for sleeping often, assuming that I would study and then go to sleep. Some other articles I browsed through did not seem as interesting as this one, and I figured since this article was both interesting and helpful to me specifically, I would choose this one to write about. I have to admit that this article was a bit hard to comprehend, and quite hard to follow. I did manage to eventually understand most of it, but some of it was just impossible to grasp. Some of the language and terms used in this article are ones that I would have no way of knowing yet, based on my knowledge from psychology class. The writer used many abbreviations and symbols for certain procedures and items involved in the experiment, which made his sentences hard to follow at times. However, from eventually being able to understand it all, this article proved to be useful to me. I will definitely try to study more in the future, and then get to sleep right afterward. As I mentioned earlier, I am always looking for ways to improve my study habits and knowledge acquired from studying, and this article helped me with this quest. As a result of my reading, I learned that there is a good chance that sleeping after studying something will help me to remember it. I learned that I may need to change my study habits a little, to give myself more time to sleep after studying! This article did relate to in class material. It related specifically to the chapter we studied on memory. I could better understand this article because I had learned about memory, mainly about pro-active and retroactive inhibition. I believe some of the chapter discussed certain ways of learning and remembering, and this article definitely pertained to that topic. Overall, I would

An Overview of Chinas One-Child Policy

An Overview of Chinas One-Child Policy Chinas one-child policy was established by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 to restrict communist Chinas population growth and limited couples to having only one child. Although designated a temporary measure, it remained in effect for more than 35 years. Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forced sterilization of women accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies. The policy was not an all-encompassing rule because it was restricted to ethnic Han Chinese living in urban areas. Citizens living in rural areas and minorities living in China were not subject to the law.   Unintended Effects of the One-Child Law There have long been reports  that officials have forced women pregnant without permission to have abortions and have levied steep fines on families violating the law. In 2007 in the southwestern Guangxi Autonomous Region of China,  riots broke out as a result, and some people may have been killed, including population control officials. The Chinese have long had a preference for male heirs, so the one-child  rule  caused many problems for female infants:  abortion, out-of-country adoption, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide were known to occur to females. Statistically, such Draconian family planning has resulted in the disparate (estimated) ratio of 115 males for every 100 females among babies born.  Normally, 105 males are naturally born for every 100 females. This  skewed ratio in China creates the problem of a generation of young men not having enough women to marry and have their own families, which has been speculated may cause future unrest in the country. These forever bachelors will not have a family to care for them in their old age either, which could put a strain on future government social services. The one-child rule has been estimated to have reduced population growth in the country of nearly 1.4 billion (estimated, 2017) by as much  as 300 million  people over its first 20 years. Whether the male-to-female ratio eases with the discontinuation of the one-child policy will come clear over  time. Chinese Now Allowed to Have Two Children Though the one-child policy may have had the goal of preventing the countrys population of spiraling out of control, after several decades, there were concerns over its cumulative demographic effect, namely the country having  a shrinking labor pool and smaller young population to take care of the number of elderly people in ensuing decades. So in 2013, the country eased the policy to allow some families to have two children. In late 2015, Chinese officials announced the scrapping the policy altogether, allowing all couples to have two children.   Future of Chinas Population Chinas  total fertility rate  (the number of births per  woman) is 1.6,  higher than slowly declining Germany at 1.45 but lower than the U.S. at 1.87 (2.1 births per woman is the replacement level of fertility, representing a stable population, exclusive of migration). The effect of the two-child rule hasnt made the population decline stabilize completely, but the law is young yet.

Portable Saw Mill Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portable Saw Mill Industry - Essay Example Most of the times, there are a number of external factors that influence and affect Edward Perry ´s decisions. Such factors could be economic growth of the country, interest or lending rates, political policies, social, cultural and environmental factors affecting timber market. If these factors are not considered by Mr. Perry, he is more likely to miscalculate his profitability in the Portable Saw mill industry. Some of the benefits of conducting an external analysis are: 1. Assessment of structural limitations or opportunities in the market: For example, if you know that there is a public policy that is aiming to reduce overall consumption of timber; Mr. Edward Perry would look into ways to lobby or work around the policy to minimize the impact on his business. An external analysis hence provides important information that strategic managers use in planning, decision-making, and strategy formulation. 2. Long-term market growth: External analysis help you understand the long-term growth prospects of the market by looking at the economic outlook of world, region or country and demographic changes in the country. It gives an idea of what are the driving forces behind the sales trends if the number of target customers is growing or not etc.

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your Essay

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your response by addressing the significance of each. (Do not just list them) - Essay Example The Truman Doctrine was created by President Truman in 1947. Although this policy was created before the 1950’s, the substance of the Truman Doctrine helped create the Containment Policy. The Truman Doctrine basically â€Å"provided an ideological shield to permit U.S. aid to pro-capitalist, and presumably anti-communist, nations† (Bacevich, 2007: 8). This allowed for the U.S. to become partially involved in Vietnam in 1950, and then escalate to an outright war. The Marshall Plan was created in 1947. This policy was created before the 1950’s, but helped post-WWII countries rebuild their economies in an effort to stop communism from spreading farther into Western Europe. Billions of American dollars were spent on economic support to help countries return to their economy before the war. It also served to unify the Western European countries and the United States as allies. The Americans offered money from the Marshall Plan (knowing the Soviets would not accept), but as expected the Soviets refused. This refusal created the division in Western and Eastern Europe (Hook and Spanier, 2006: 59). The Iron Curtain fell in Europe, but Western Europe was economically stable through the Marshall Plan. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had common goals of stopping communism. These measures were the foundation for the Containment Policy. The Containment Policy was a policy of stopping communism at all cost. If this meant setting up a puppet government under U.S. influence, so be it. The main goal was to fight communism, not consider what was best for the local population. The U.S. could not imagine a world of peaceful coexistence with the Soviets. Communism was a threat to the foundation of democracy according to the U.S. government. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had stopped the flow of communism, but when China fell

Health and Safety in Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety in Social Care Essay The mission : The prevention of death, injury and ill health to those at work and those affected by work activities. †¢ Shocking failures – it’s why we need to obey the law We know it’s an extremely important aspect of care. We know there’s been a lot of debate about how to improve it. We know there have been high-profile cases where it’s failed miserably. But do we really understand what safeguarding means on a day-to-day basis for everyone involved in providing or receiving care? And there’s been much discussion about whether ‘adults at significant risk’ is better. Sometimes there’s confusion between safeguarding and adult protection, which relates to investigation of abuse rather than it’s prevention. †¢ Health and social care workers – protecting the vulnerable The terminology can be an issue in itself. We now refer to ‘adults at risk’ after the Law Commission’s report on adult social care pointed out that the previously acceptable term ‘vulnerable adult’ could suggest that the cause of abuse was located with the victim, and didn’t place responsibility with the actions of others. The commission found that people saw the term as â€Å"stigmatising, dated, negative and disempowering†. †¢ Part of a system  Legislation, regulation and guidance are becoming clearer and more consistent, with the implementation of the Law Commission recommendations on adult protection and making safeguarding adult boards – which already exist in most local authorities – mandatory.But there’s still a lot to learn, not least about what constitutes a safeguarding issue and what relates to everyday management, staff practice, quality and safety. Without that clarity, people may worry about over-reacting or taking the wrong action.

The Mind and Body Connection in Psychology :: essays research papers

When we think of the mind and the body psychologist and historians have provided theories that correlate these two ideas and their functions that make us humans. Without the mind our body cannot fulfill its purposes and without the body our mind is left useless. These two branches influence each other and can cause different chains of reaction to erupt in our mental world [mind] and our physical world [body]. There are relationships between what we experience, (such as thoughts and feelings) and what our biological processes are (such as activity in the nervous system), (Morris, 2005). The link between the mind-body is that they are not separate entities, rather they are intricately connected, interacting with each other to function properly. The five basic issues that psychologist have associated the mind-body with are biological psych (dealing with the nervous system and its function), sensation/perception, consciousness, motivation/emotion, and clinical psych (dealing with disor ders/therapy). These five issues are an uprising principle that relates how the mind-body interacts. In biological psychology we discuss the scientific study of mental processes and behavior, coinciding with the performance of some cognitive activity. In sensation and perception, ?sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. This information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play. Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.? In terms of consciousness we associate that with the state of being awake and aware of what?s going on around you. This is also a quality of the mind which attributes to our attentiveness. When dealing with motivation and emotion, psychologist has defined motivation as the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior, which has a temporal and dynamic state non-related to one?s personality or behavior. Emotion is w hat is described as ?an intense mental state that arises autonomically in the nervous system rather than through conscious effort.? It can evoke a negative or positive response which will correlate in the way we behave. Clinical psychology deals with researching and treating psychological distress, dysfunction or disorder. Psychologists who are focused in this field treat more severe disorders, such as phobias, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. (Rishel, 2000) The nervous system is our ?body's information gatherer, storage center and control system.? It collects information about the external conditions in relation to the body's internal state, to analyze this information, and to initiate appropriate responses to satisfy certain needs (Maintain Homeostasis).

High school Essay

It was once thought that when a person gets out of high school, he is invisible. He can do whatever he wants, achieve all his dreams and aspirations, and become the person that he always envisioned himself to be. It probably never daunted him that he will become independent and responsible for the consequences of his actions; he would have treated those like simple challenges anyway. Obstacles that he needed to conquer in order to make him a stronger person and to reach his destination. And all this he would achieve, amazingly with the help of the environment. The environment does not literally translate to the trees, the suburbs, or the urban metro that we have come to know as an environment. It essentially means much more than that. It is how a person adapts to where he is. It is how he makes things work to his advantage, and at the same time not harming those around him. It is how he makes his life work, whatever the given circumstance. There are several ways on how to mold the environment and make it a part of the learning experience that will help an individual achieve his goals, find better jobs, and have self-satisfaction. It is important to note that a student has to realize the importance of getting a college degree. He will realize that the environment is competitive enough to require it. It is through what he experiences that he will come to know the importance of getting into college and in learning through the environment, he will realize that he has succeeded Time management is one of those ways on how the environment plays a key role in a person’s learning experience. As much as every person would want to control time, there are instances wherein it will always spin out of control. The heavy traffic, the weather, the floods, the mode of transportation – these are all elements that we cannot predict and therefore we cannot control. Due to the unpredictability of these factors, one must always manage his time wisely, with allotment for situations like this. Being organized, following a routine and a flow of tasks also says that a person is disciplined. He has the strength to say no to distractions because he knows that he has allotted an ample time for everything, even for play. And temptation is one of the numerous obstacles that humans go through in dealing with their daily lives. The environment’s role in being able to overcome obstacles is that when we look hard enough, the answers are just out there, around us. It is magical that we sometimes have the answers right in front of us and yet we fail to recognize them. Everybody knows that we will never be given problems that we cannot solve. In trying to solve our problems, we get to know and discover ourselves more; the things that make us stronger, the emotions that make us weak. In discovering these unknown side of ourselves we create more options, we get to know more. If a person once said to himself that getting a college degree is not worth his time, effort, and money, this may not hold true if he was faced with an employment problem. The environment today is competitive enough to want more from its employees, and these employers do compensate for this. It is during the toughest times that we get to see the real attitudes of the people. Those who strive to outshine the rest will not just settle for a high school diploma, but for a higher one. Everybody’s goal in life is to become successful in whatever his or her endeavors are. It may be as small as finishing a 5-kilometer run or as big as running for the presidential seat, what we all want is success. For the individual whose environment shapes him to become the next big CEO, more qualifications have to be met. A college degree or an MBA will definitely make him go places and put an edge to his resume. It is not only in this career path that a higher education will prove to be useful, in fact, in all career paths, a higher education is always a better credential. Becoming a lawyer, a physician, an engineer, or a nurse may put you through the worst, sleepless nights you have ever had, but the end game is always a win. While one may not always understand why people want to have success and always feel like achieving a desire or attaining a goal, it is important that they know that they are working hard for themselves. There is nothing better than knowing that you have worked hard for something and you got what you wanted in the end. Reaping the fruits of your labor brings a sense of pride and self-satisfaction to one’s self. Everything that one has to work hard for, the stress of the environment, the pressure of achievement, overcoming these is necessary in order to achieve lifetime goals. In conclusion, working on lifetime goals allow people to see how hard work and studying can pay off for the future. The changing environment affects everyone differently. Employer’s at times allow employees to work on their studies while they are at work and offer the students reimbursements for their college work. For students who finish their degree, it will open many doors for them in advancing at their current professions. Students that complete their degree will have a sense of pride and accomplishment that was taken by them for all of their hard work and effort. The environment of each student is different. The variation of the stressful environments is different for each student. Some have family stress and some have work stress. Time management is a determining factor in each of these areas. It is crucial that the student completes all required materials when the assignments are due. When students look back and realize what they have accomplished they will know that they bettered themselves by working in this new environment. References: Jewell, D, (2008). One vision many paths. ProQuest Database, 16(9), Retrieved December 28, 2008, from http://proquest. umi. comezproxy. apus. edu Khalifa, M. & Lam, R. (2002). Web based learning: Effects on Learning Process and Outcome. Academic Search Premier Database, 45(4), Retrieved December 28, 2008, from, http://apus. agent-graphics. com. ezproxy. apus. edu Littky, D (2004). The big picture: Education is everyone’s business. APUS online library, Retrieved December 28, 2008, from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apus. edu/ehost/detail .Ramey, S. & Ramey, C. (2008). The Learning environment, learning process, academic outcomes and career success of university graduates: The transition to school. Academic Search Premier Database, 33(4), Retrieved December 28, 2008, from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apus. edu/ehost/detail Williams, K. (2006) Introducing Management: A Development Guide. APUS online library, Retrieved December 28, 2008, from http://apus. agent-graphics. com. ezproxy. apus. edu Zygmunt-Fillwalk, E. (2006). Encouraging School Success through family Involvement. Proquest Database, 82 (4), Retrieved December 28, 2008, from http://proquest. umi. comezproxy. apus. edu.

Essay on Siddhartha and The Razor’s Edge - 1292 Words

Siddhartha and The Razor’s Edge The book Siddhartha and the movie The Razor’s Edge are two similar yet different stories. Each these two works explore man’s search for truth, self, and life’s true meaning. The main characters of these stories are very different people, yet they are in search of similar goals. The main character of Siddhartha is Siddhartha. The main character of The Razor’s Edge is Larry Darryl. Larry and Siddhartha go through several stages of their lives, which range from rich to poor and back again. Siddhartha was a Brahmin’s son, of the upper class in India. He is loved throughout his community. He is revered by all that knows him. He spends his day in meditation and thought.†¦show more content†¦He meets a prostitute named Kamala. He wants to be with her but he is not yet worthy. She sends Siddhartha to meet a merchant named Kamaswami. Kamaswami hires Siddhartha and he becomes a merchant. Siddhartha is very good and gains wealth. He begins to visit Kamala and she teaches him her art of love. As time goes on he begins to forget the teachings of the Samanas. He begins to gamble and squander his money. A deep discontent for his life grows in him. He leaves the town and returns to the river without telling Kamala. He wants to throw himself in the river, but before he did he heard the holy â€Å"Om† from within and stopped himself. He then falls asleep and when he woke up Govinda was there. Govinda didn’t realize who Siddhartha was . Siddhartha revealed himself and Govinda rejoiced. As they part Siddhartha feels reborn. Siddhartha meets up with the ferryman he met when he first came to the river. His name is Vasudeva. Siddhartha begins to live with Vasudeva. Vasudeva teaches him the secrets of the river. When it is spread that Gotama is dying lots of people go to see him. Kamala and her son (Samsara) travel to see him. When a snake bites her she is brought to Vasudeva’s hut, there she is reunited with Siddhartha. Siddhartha finds out that Kamala’s son is his son too. When she died their son stays with Siddhartha and Vasudeva. Samsara is spoiled and hates living by the river so he run’s away. Siddhartha gives chase but gave up when he realized he must